¹ Congdon, N, et al, “Pupillary and visual thresholds in young children as an index of population vitamin A status.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1995; 61:1076-1082.
² Moon, E, et al, “Effect of Retinol in Preventing Squamous Cell Skin Cancer in Moderate-Risk Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 1997; 6:949-956.
³ Haselbeck, R, et al, “Class IV Alcohol/Retinol Dehydrogenase Localization in Epidermal Basal Layer: Potential Site of Retinoic Acid Synthesis During Skin Development.” Developmental Dynamics, 1997; 208:447-453.
⁴ Naidu, AK, “Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mystery? An overview.” Nutrition Journal, 2003; 2:7.
⁵ Agus, D, et al, “Vitamin C Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Oxidized Form Through the Glucose Transporters.” Journal of Clinical Investigation; 1997; 100: 2842-2848.
⁶ Packer L, “Protective role of vitamin E in biological systems.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 1991; 53:1050S-1055S.
⁷ Cristol, JP, et al, “Erythropoeitin and oxidative stress in haemodialysis: beneficial effects of vitamin E supplementation.” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation; 1997; 12:2312-2317.

Cholesterol Support is a special synergistic formula, which helps support healthy cholesterol levels. Phytosterols bind cholesterol in the gut before it is absorbed into the blood stream. The formula's key ingredients include cholestatin, a source of plant sterols, which are agents in blocking the dietary absorption of cholesterol.

Policosanol is a mixture of fatty alcohols derived from sugar cane that inhibit synthesis of cholesterol in the liver. It helps to reduce total cholesterol and LDL while increasing precious HDL at the same time. Garlic, an ingredient, is another important nutrient in supporting healthy cholesterol levels.

Cholesterol Support also contains various pectins, such as soluble fiber, which have been shown to help reduce cholesterol levels.

Zone Hepatic Support is a specialized dietary supplement containing a unique combination of phytonutrients and antioxidants that help support the body’s natural metabolic and detoxification pathways found primarily in the liver. Your liver performs hundreds of vital functions every day, one important function being that it filters harmful substances from your blood. This nutritional support system is a precise combination of nutrients to support our body’s normal detoxification pathways in the liver thus helping to reduce the overall toxic burden of heavy metals and environmental toxins. Many nutrients in Hepatic Support have been researched to help bind heavy metals in the body and work as natural detoxifiers.

Key Benefits of Zone Hepatic Support:

• Spirulina and chlorella (nutrient rich, blue-green algae) help bind heavy metals and provide antioxidant protection ^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
• Milk thistle extract provides powerful liver support ^{7, 8, 9, 10}
• Indole-3 carbinol (phytochemical in cruciferous vegetables) helps environmental toxins out of the body ^{11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
• L-cycsteine helps to bind heavy metals ^{16, 17, 18}
• Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) with its antioxidant properties may help maintain a healthy liver ^{19, 20, 21}
• N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) supports a healthy liver with antioxidant properties ^{22, 23, 24, 25}
• Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that supports immune function ^{26, 27, 28}

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

¹ Chojnacka, K, et al, “Biosorption of Cr3+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions by glue-green algae Spirulina sp.: kinetics, equilibrium and the mechanism of the process,” Chemosphere, 2004; 59(1):75-84.
² Gong, R, et al, “Lead biosorption and desorption by intact and pretreated spirulina maxima biomass,” Chemosphere, 2005; 58(1):125-130.
³ Belay, A, et al, “Current knowledge on potential health benefits of Spirulina,” Journal of Applied Phycology, 1993; 5(2):235-241.
⁴ Sandau, E, et al, “Heavy metal sorption by microalgae,” Acta Biotechnologica, 1996; 16(4):227-235.
⁵ Dae-Yeon, C, et al, “Studies of the biosorption of heavy metals onto Chlorella vulgaris,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 1994; 29(2):389-409.
⁶ Pinero Estrada, J, et al, “Antioxidant activity of different fractions of Spirulina platensis protean extract,” Il Farmaco, 2001; 56(5-7):497-500.
⁷ Greenlee, H, et al, “Clinical applications of Silybum marianum in oncology,” Integrative Cancer Therapy, 2007; 6(2)158-165.
⁸ Saller, R, et al, “An updated systematic review with meta-analysis for the clinical evidence of silymarin,” Forsch Komplementmed, 2008; 15(1):9-20.
⁹ Tamayo, C, et al, “Review of clinical trials evaluating safety and efficacy of milk thistle (Silybum marianum),” Integrative Cancer Therapy, 2007; 6(2):146-157.
¹⁰ Loguercio, C, et al, “The effect of silybun-vitamin E-phospholipid complex on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 2007; 52(9):2387-2395.
¹¹ Won Nho, C, et al, “The synergistic upregulation of phase II detoxification enzymes by glucosinolate breakdown products in cruciferous vegetables,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2001; 174(2):146-152.
¹² Crowell, J, et al, “Indole-3-carbinol, but not its major digestive product 3,3’-diindolylmethane, induces reversible hepatocyte hypertrophy and cytochromes P450,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2006; 211(2):115-123.
¹³ Leibelt, D, et al, “Evaluation of Chronic Dietary Exposure to Indol-3-carbinol and Absorption-Enhanced 3,3’-Diindolylmethane in Sprague-Dawley Rats,” Toxicological Sciences, 2003; 74:10-21.
¹⁴ Donald, S, et al, “Dietary agent indole-3-carbinol protects female rats against the hepatotoxicity of the antitumor drug ET-743 (trabectidin) without compromising efficacy in a rat mammary carcinoma,” International Journal of Cancer, 2004; 111(6):961-967.
¹⁵ Larsen-Su, S, et al, “Dietary indole-3-carbinol inhibits FMO activity and the expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase from 1 in rat liver and intestine,” American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1996; 24(9):927-931.
¹⁶ Cobbett, C, “Phytochelatins and Metallothioneins: Roles in Heavy Metal Detoxification and Homeostasis,” Annual Review in Plant Biology, 2002; 53:159-182.
¹⁷ Scully, C, et al, “Mercury binding by ferrocenoyl peptides with sulfur-containing side chains: electrochemical, spectroscopic and structural studies,” Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2008; 693(17):2869-2876.
¹⁸ Grill, E, et al, “Phytochelatins, a class of heavy-metal-binding peptides from plants, are functionally analogous to metallothioneins,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1987; 84:439-443.
¹⁹ Dünschede, R, et al, “Reduction of ischemia reperfusion injury after liver resection and hepatic inflow occlusion by alpha-lipoic acid in humans,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2006; 12(42):6812-6817.
²⁰ Dünschede, R, et al, “Hepatocellular injury of nonischemic liver tissue after selective clamping in rats--protective action by pharmacological pretreatment with lipoic acid,” European Surgical Research, 2007; 39(6):325-331.
²¹ Dulundu, E, et al, “Alpha-lipoic acid protects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats,” Pharmacology, 2007; 79(3):163-170.
²² De Oliveira, CP, et al, “Combination of N-acetylcysteine and metformin improves histological steatosis and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,” Hepatology Research, 2008; 38(2):159-65.
²³ Kortsalioudaki, C, et al, “Safety and efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in children with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure,” Liver Transplantation, 2008; 14(1):25-30.
²⁴ Larson, AM, “Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity,” Clinics in Liver Disease, 2007; 11(3):525-548.
²⁵ Betten, DP, et al, “A prospective evaluation of shortened course oral N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of acute acetaminophen poisoning,” Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2007; 50(3):272-279
²⁶ Yuan, L, et al, “Glutathione in liver diseases and hepatotoxicity,” Molecular Aspects of Medicine, August 26, 2008; Epub ahead of print.
²⁷ Garcia-Ruiz, C, et al, “Redox regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis,” Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2007; 22(1):S38-42.
²⁸ Han, D, et al, “Mechanisms of liver injury. III. Role of glutathione redox status in liver injury,” American Journal of Physiology Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 2006; 291(1):G1-7.

Ribose is a simple, 5-carbon monosaccharide, or pentose sugar. It is used by all the cells of the body and is an essential compound in energy metabolism. Ribose is used by the cells to help maintain adequate levels of AMP that can be converted into ATP by AMP kinase. It is only ATP that can be used as an energy source for muscle contraction, especially in the heart. Under certain cardiac conditions ATP is degraded in the heart, ribose has the ability to improve the recovery of ATP¹ and can maintain healthy energy levels in the heart and muscle tissues.² Ribose can also improve quality of life and help support normal heart function.³ Adenine is an organic compound found in skeletal muscle that helps form ATP; ribose can boost energy reserves by helping to maintain adenine levels in muscles.⁴ During high-intensity exercise, Ribose has been shown to help athletes more effectively use their energy stores and recover more quickly after exercise.^5,6 The magnesium in Zone Ribose makes it a very unique product, particularly because magnesium has been found to positively influence performance in exercise training by improving red blood cell and hemoglobin levels.⁷ Magnesium is also associated with promoting muscle performance such as improved leg power and grip strength.^8,9 Zone Ribose is all natural and gluten free.

Key Benefits of Zone Ribose:

1) Helps the body restore ATP levels for more energy^10,11
2) Supports healthy energy levels in heart and muscle tissue^12,13
3) Helps support normal heart function¹⁴
4) May increase time to reach fatigue while exercising¹⁵
5) Magnesium promotes muscle performance¹⁶

¹ Pauly, DF, et al, “D-ribose as a supplement for cardiac energy metabolism.” Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 2000; 5(4):249-58.
² Lamberts, RR, “Preservation of diastolic function in monocrotaline-induced right ventricular hypertrophy in rats,” American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2007; 293:H1869-H1876.
³ Omran, H, “Ribose improves diastolic function and quality of life in congestive heart failure patients: a prospective feasibility study.” European Journal of Heart Failure, 2003: 5(5):615-619.
⁴ Zarzeczny, JJ, et al, “Influence of ribose on adenine salvage after intense muscle contractions,” Journal of Applied Physiology, 2001; 91:1775-1781.
⁵ Williamson, DL, et al, “Effects of ribose supplementation on performance during repeated high-intensity cycle sprints,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2001; 33(5S).
⁶ Van Gammeren D, et al, “The effects of four weeks of ribose supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in healthy, young male recreational bodybuilders: A double blind, placebo controlled trial,” Current Therapeutic Research, 2002; 63(8):486-495.
⁷ Cinvar, V, et al, “Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood parameters of athletes at rest and after exercise,” Biological Trace Element Research, 2007; 115(3):205-212.
⁸ Dominguez LJ, et al, “Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: in the CHIANTI study,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006; 84(2):419-426.
⁹ Nielsen, FH, et al, “Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise,” Magnesium Research, 2006; 19(3):180-189.
¹⁰ Brault, JJ, et al, “Purine salvage to adenine nucleotides in different skeletal muscle fiber types,” Journal of Applied Physiology, 2001; 91:231-238.
¹¹ Pauly, DF, et al, “D-ribose as a supplement for cardiac energy metabolism.” Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 2000; 5(4):249-58.
¹² Lamberts, RR, et al, “Preservation of diastolic function in monocrotaline-induced right ventricular hypertrophy in rats,” American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2007; 293:H1869-H1876.
¹³ Dodd, SL, et al, “The role of ribose in human skeletal muscle metabolism.” Medical Hypotheses, 2004; 62(5):819-824.
¹⁴ Omran, H, “Ribose improves diastolic function and quality of life in congestive heart failure patients: a prospective feasibility study.” European Journal of Heart Failure, 2003: 5(5):615-619.
¹⁵ Pauly, DF, et al, “D-ribose as a supplement for cardiac energy metabolism.” Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 2000; 5(4):249-58.
¹⁶ Dominguez LJ, et al, “Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: in the CHIANTI study,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006; 84(2):419-426.

Zone Micronutrient Support is a state-of-the-art, all inclusive micronutrient formula that guarantees a wide variety of vitamins and minerals from a single source to enhance and compliment your daily success with the Zone Diet.

Zone Micronutrient Support helps eliminate all the confusion about which vitamins and minerals you need daily and is an essential part of a "core" nutritional supplementation program when starting the Zone Diet and to maximize its life- changing benefits.

Zone Micronutrient Support provides essential vitamins, antioxidants, energy enhancers, macrominerals, lipotropic factors, and herbal extracts that have been shown to minimize free radical formation to support optimal heart, brain, and immune function.

Zone Micronutrient Support is a superior combination of effective nutrients expressly designed to deliver unparalleled quality . Our formula has been specifically designed to provide you with an optimal balance of these essential micronutrients to accelerate your success with the Zone Diet on a lifetime basis.

The two problems that men face with increasing age are prostate problems and decrease in testosterone levels. Surprisingly both are different sides of the same coin. Prostate problems appear to arise from increased metabolism of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), whereas increased body fat drives testosterone into estrogen, decreasing testosterone levels. Zone Prostate Health is a unique, premium product that combines saw palmetto with zinc to help regulate DHT production and aid in healthy male reproduction.^1,2 DHT lowers testosterone levels and increases the likelihood of prostate problems. Saw palmetto is a small palm tree found in the southern United States, and the berries from the palm have been used medicinally for hundreds of years. The extract from saw palmetto berries is believed to promote prostate health, as well as regulate urine flow resulting in frequent urination, and promote a healthy urinary tract.^3,4,5 Researchers have demonstrated that saw palmetto helps maintain testosterone levels by regulating its conversion into DHT thus maintaining prostate health.^6,7,8 Zinc is a very important mineral in maintaining men’s health. Zinc is necessary for all aspects of male reproduction, including healthy testosterone modulation.⁹*

Key Benefits of Zone Prostate Health:

• Helps to maintain a healthy prostate
• Promotes a healthy urinary tract^10,11
• Helps to maintain testosterone levels by regulating the production of dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

• Plays a role in the maintenance of a healthy male reproductive system
• Helps maintain prostate health by adjusting testosterone levels

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

¹ Bayne, C, et al, “The Selectivity and Specificity of the Actions o fthe Lipido-Sterolic Extract of Serenoa Repens (Permixon) on the Prostate.” The Journal of Urology, 2000; 164(3):876-881.
² Ae-Son, OM, et al, “Dietary Zinc Deficiency Alters 5-Alpha-Reduction and Aromatization of Testosterone and Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in Rat Liver.” Journal of Nutrition, 1996; 126(4):842-848.
³ Talpur N, et al, “Comparison of Saw Palmetto (extract and whole berry) and Cernitin on prostate growth in rats.” Molecular and Cellular Biology, 2003; 250:21-26.
⁴ Pytel Y.A. et al, “Long-term clinical and biologic effects of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia.” Advances in Therapy, 2002; 19(6):297-306.
⁵ Talpur N, et al, “Comparison of Saw Palmetto (extract and whole berry) and Cernitin on prostate growth in rats.” Molecular and Cellular Biology, 2003; 250:21-26.
⁶ Bayne, C, et al, “The Selectivity and Specificity of the Actions o fthe Lipido-Sterolic Extract of Serenoa Repens (Permixon) on the Prostate.” The Journal of Urology, 2000; 164(3):876-881.
⁷ Ernst, E, et al, “The Risk-Benefit Profile of Commonly Used Herbal Therepies.” Annals of Internal Medicine, 2002; 136(1):42-53.
⁸ Buck A.C. et al, “Is there a scientific basis for the therapeutic effects of Serenoa repens in benigh prostatic hyperplasia?” The Journal of Urolgoy, 2004; 172(5): 1792-1799.
⁹ Prasad, AS, et al, “Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults.” Nutrition, 1996; 12:344-348.
¹⁰ Gerber S. et al, “Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of saw palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptoms.” Urology, 2001; 58: 960-965.
¹¹ Wilt T, MD, et al, “Saw Palmetto Extracts for Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.” The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1998; 280:1604-1609.

As silent inflammation becomes systemic it can lead to unhealthy joints. Dr. Sears designed Joint Support to help those with inflammation in their joints. Inflammation stems from excess Arachidonic Acid (AA, a long-chain Omega-6 fatty acid), thus increasing production of pro-inflammatory hormones called eicosanoids. Joint Support is formulated with concentrated polyphenols designed to regulate the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Three potent polyphenols work together in Joint Support to regulate downstream inflammation by inhibiting the genetic transcription factor, NF kappa B, which plays a key role in regulating inflammation. The three powerful polyphenols are concentrates from turmeric, ginger, and olives. Turmeric contains the polyphenol curcumin which regulates the activation of NF kappa B and also regulates delta-5 desaturase, an enzyme which forms AA.^1,2 Ginger contains a group of phytochemicals called xanthines; these are dual inhibitors of enzymes that also make inflammatory eicosanoids from AA.^3,4 Finally, hydroxytyrosol is a unique polyphenol found in olives which is an effective anti-inflammatory compound.^5,6,7*

Key Benefits of Zone Joint Support:

• Anti-inflammatory
• Polyphenol-rich
• Supports healthy mobility
• Pure and concentrated formula

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

¹ Sears, Barry, The Anti-Inflammation Zone, HarperCollins Publishers Inc., New York, NY, 2005; p. 87-97.
² Funk, J, et al, “Turmeric Extracts Containing Curcuminoids Prevent Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis,” Journal of Natural Products, 2006; 69 (3):351-355.
³ Sears, Barry, The Anti-Inflammation Zone, HarperCollins Publishers Inc., New York, NY, 2005; p. 87-97.
⁴ Bliddal H, et al, “A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of ginger extracts and ibuprofen in osteoarthritis.” Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2000;8:9-12.
⁵ Sears, Barry, The Anti-Inflammation Zone, HarperCollins Publishers Inc., New York, NY, 2005; p. 87-97.
⁶ Maiuri, M, et al, “Hydroxytyrosol, a phenolic compound from virgin olive oil, prevents macrophage activation.” Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 2005; 371:457-465.
⁷ Martinez-Dominguez, E, et al, “Protective effect upon experimental inflammation models of a polyphenol-supplemented virgin olive oil diet.” Inflammation Research; 2001; 50(2):102-106.

Zone Blood Sugar Support is a patented extended-release alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplement. This increased plasma lifetime of ALA ensures that it can help with blood sugar metabolism and oxidative stress reduction. ALA is a compound made in trace quantities in human cells; it is a coenzyme involved in oxidative glucose metabolism and blood sugar stabilization.^1,2 Studies demonstrate that ALA has significant antioxidant properties.³ ALA also acts as an antioxidant hub due to its capacity to help regenerate other antioxidants such as glutathione, vitamins C and E, and coenzyme Q10.^4,5,6 Studies also show supplementation with ALA is efficient in the maintenance of healthy nerve conduction, especially with those who have blood glucose problems.⁷*

Key Benefits of Zone Blood Sugar Support:

• Promotes healthy blood sugar^8,9
• Helps recycle and regenerate other antioxidants such as glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, and CoQ10
• Extended-Release: Increases time to maximum plasma concentrations by 250%¹⁰

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

¹ Estrada DE, et al, “Stimulation of glucose uptake by the natural coenzyme alpha-lipoic acid/thioctic acid: participation of elements of the insulin signaling pathway.” Diabetes. 1996 Dec; 45(12):1798-804.
² Kamenova, P, “Improvement of insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes after oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid.” Hormones, 2006; 5(4):251-258.
³ Panneerselvam KS et al, “L-Carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid improves mitochondrial function during ageing process.” Clinical Nutrition, 2006 May 9; l.
⁴ Packer L, et al, “Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant.” Free Radical Biology Medicine, 1995; 19(2):227-250.
⁵ Pari L, et al, “Protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid against chloroquine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.” Journal of Applied Toxicology; 2004 Jan-Feb; 24(1):21-6.
⁶ Melhem MF, et al, “Effects of dietary supplementation of alpha-lipoic acid on early glomerular injury in diabetes mellitus.” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology; 2001 Jan, 12(1):124-33.
⁷ Negrisanu G, et al, “Effects of 3-month treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine, 1999 Jul-Sep; 37(3):297-306.
⁸ Evans JL, et al, “Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and fructosamine-lowering effect of a novel, controlled release formulation of alpha-lipoic acid.” Endocrine Practice, 2002; 8:29-35.
⁹ Evans JL, et al, “Alpha-lipoic acid: a multi-functional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes.” Diabetes Technology Therapy, 2000; 2:401-413.
¹⁰ Evans JL, et al, “Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and fructosamine-lowering effect of a novel, controlled release formulation of alpha-lipoic acid.” Endocrine Practice, 2002; 8:29-35.

Zone Cognitive Support is formulated with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), a natural supplement that provides the necessary methyl groups required to turn on and off DNA replication, especially in neural regeneration as well as in transmission of neural impulses. SAMe is also known to be essential to at least 35 other biochemical processes including maintaining a healthy mood.¹ The brain of a healthy person manufactures all the SAM it needs, but SAM production is impaired in those that have mood related problems.² Supplementation with SAMe boosts levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters such as dopamine.^3,4,5 This form of methionine is more likely to cross the blood-brain barrier where it affects the synthesis and activation of various neurotransmitters in the brain.^6,7*

Key Benefits of Zone Cognitive Support:

1. Supports Serotonin Production
2. Boosts mood
3. B vitamins added
4. Double enteric coating

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

¹ Bell, KM, et al, “S-Adenosylmethionine blood levels in major depression: changes with drug treatment.” Acta Neurologica Scandinavica; 1994; 154:15-18.
² Murray, MT, Natural Alternatives to Prozac, Quill, New York, NY, 1996; p. 174-175.
³ Young, S, “The Use of Diet and Dietary Components in the Study of Factors Controlling Affect in Humans: A Review.” Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 1993; 19(5):235-244.
⁴ Cooney, C, et al, “Methamphetamine Treatment Affects Blood and Liver S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) in Mice: Correlation with Dopamine Depletion in the Striatum.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1998; 844:191-200.
⁵ Malakar, D, et al, “Protective role of S-adenosyl- methionine agains hydrochloric acid stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA), 2006; 1760(9):1298-1303.
⁶ Mischoulon, D, et al, “Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002; 76:1158S-1161S.
⁷ Friedel, HA, et al, “S-adenosyl-L-methionine. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in liver dysfunction and affective disorders in relation to its physiological role in cell metabolism.” Drugs, 1989; 38(3):389-416.

Zone Bone Support is specifically formulated to provide superior nutrient bioavailability and complete nutritional support to help maintain healthy bones. Bone Support is a synergistic combination of six sources of calcium which promotes absorption of calcium.¹ Bone Support also contains magnesium, an essential mineral which assists in optimal bone formation.² In addition, Zone Bone Support contains Vitamin D, boron, vitamin K and horse tail to maximize the body’s utilization of calcium to help enhance bone formation. Vitamin D is directly involved in calcium metabolism;³ boron is necessary for the action of vitamin D;⁴ vitamin K acts as a coenzyme in the synthesis of proteins involved with bone formation;⁵ and the herb horse tail is among the richest sources of the mineral silicon, which can also play a role in bone structure.^6,7*

Key Benefits of Zone Bone Support:

• Six sources of calcium including carbonate, citrate, gluconate, aspartate, malate, and micronized hydroxyapatite to maximize calcium absorption
• 400mg of magnesium to balance calcium for optimal bone strength
• Vitamin D, vitamin K, boron, and horse tail are synergistic nutrients working to support bone health
• Softgel allows for greater bioavailability

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

¹ Shils M., Shike M., Ross C., Caballero B., Cousins R., Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2006; p. 196-198.
² Ibid; p. 223-224.
³ Ibid; p.197-198, 1320.
⁴ Miljkovic D, et al, “Up-regulatory impact of boron on vitamin D function, does it reflect inhibition of 24-hydroxylase?” Medical Hypotheses, 2004;63(6):1054-1056.
⁵ Shils M., Shike M., Ross C., Caballero B., Cousins R., Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2006; p. 1321,416.
⁶ Izu et al, “Silicon intake to vertebral columns of mice after dietary supply.” Biological Trace Element Research, 2006;113(3):297-316.
⁷ Pabbruwe MB et al, “Effect of silicon doping on bone formation with in alumina porous domains.” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2004;71(2):250-7.

Zone Weight Loss Support contains concentrated green tea extract rich in epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol which helps stimulate thermogenesis. The purity and amount of EGCG in Weight Loss Support is much higher than most other green tea dietary supplements. Recent research shows EGCG supplementation can help promote fat oxidation and help induce lipolysis.^1,2,3 Other studies reveal green tea supplementation may help reduce body fat, promote thermogenesis, and help maintain daily blood glucose levels.^4,5,6,7 To protect the EGCG during processing, the green tea leaves are steamed, not fermented like black tea leaves. As a result, Zone Weight Loss Support has an extremely high concentration of EGCG. The high polyphenol content of green tea also helps to support the body from oxidative damage due to free radicals.^8,9*

Key Benefits of Zone Weight Loss Support:

• Highly purified extract from the leaves of green tea
• Natural compound, no pesticides or herbicides
• High in EGCG, the most powerful antioxidant found in green tea

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

¹ Duloo A. et al, “Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999; 70:1040-1045.
² Cantre P. et al, “Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity.” Phytomedicine, 2002; 9(1):3-8.
³ Klaus S. et al, “Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates diet-induced obesity in mice by decreasing energy absorption and increasing fat oxidation.” International Journal of Obesity, 2005; 29(6):615-623.
⁴ Juhel C. et al, “Green tea extract (AR25) inhibits lipolysis of triglycerides in gastric and duodenal medium in vitro.” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2000; 11(1):45-51.
⁵ Wolfram S. et al, “Epigallocatechin gallate supplementation alleviates diabetes in rodents.” Journal of Nutrition, 2006; 136(10):2512-2518.
⁶ Wofram S. et al, “TEAVIGO (epigallocatechin gallate) supplementation prevents obesity in rodents by reducing adipose tissue mass.” Annuls of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2005; 49(1):54-63.
⁷ Kao Y. et al, “Modulation of Endocrine Systems and Food Intake by Green Tea Epigallocatechin Gallate.” Endocrinology, 2000; 141(3):980-987.
⁸ Henning S. et al, “Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of tea flavanols after consumption of green tea, black tea, or a green tea extract.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004; 80:1558-1564.
⁹ Chen J. et al, “Green tea polyphenols prevent toxin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice by down-regulating inducible nitric oxide-derived proosidants.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004; 80:742-751.

Zone Cardio Support contains 100mg of CoQ10, a naturally occurring substance required by the mitochondria for production of ATP, the primary source of energy in the body.^1,2 Cardio Support utilizes a state-of–the-art process to create a form of coenzyme Q-10 that is at least 3 to 4 times more bioavailable than regular forms of this key nutrient. This is especially important in the heart where mitochondria can be found in much higher concentrations than anywhere else in the body; the heart is a muscle that contracts every second of the day.³ Given that CoQ10 plays a vital role in energy production, it is considered to be a critical player in both obtaining and maintaining optimum cardiovascular health.⁴*

Key Benefits of Zone Cardio Support:

• Maximizes cellular energy production
• Highest bio-availability
• Powerful antioxidant

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

¹ Littarru GP, Tiano L. “Clinical aspects of coenzyme Q10: an update.” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2005;8(6):641-646.
² Somayajulu M, et al, “Role of mitochondria in neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress; neuroprotection by Coenzyme Q10.” Neurobiology of Disease, 2005;18(3):618-627.
³ Rosenfeldt FL, et al, “Coenzyme Q10 protects the aging heart against stress: studies in rats, human tissues, and patients.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2002; 959:355-359.
⁴ Kalen A, et al, “Age-related changes in the lipid compositions of rat and human tissues.” Lipids. 1989; 24(7):579-584.

Zone AthletePro is a unique product that combines the ability of ribose to boost the building blocks for ATP formation thus helping improve recovery times with creatine’s ability to help maintain high-energy stores to replenish ATP levels during intense exercise. Ribose is a carbohydrate used by the cells to help maintain adequate levels of AMP that can be converted into ATP by AMP kinase. It is only ATP that can be used as an energy source for muscle contraction. Ribose has the ability to enhance the recovery of muscle ATP after high-intensity exercise.¹ Zone AthletePro also contains creatine which influences strength, endurance and can aid in more intense work-outs.² Creatine is used as a reservoir for high-energy phosphate molecules that can be rapidly synthesized into ATP during high intensity exercise.³ Muscles can store ATP in only very small amounts therefore a sudden surge of high intensity exercise causes an instant demand for more ATP synthesis from creatine phosphate. Taking supplemental creatine can assist in restoring ATP levels and help with athletic performance.^4*

Key Benefits of Zone AthletePro:

Ribose:

1. Energy booster⁵
2. Helps improve recovery process after exercise⁶
3. May improve athletic performance by increasing time to reach fatigue⁷
4. Helps the body restore ATP levels

Creatine:

1. May increase strength endurance during high-intensity work-outs
2. May assist in rapidly restoring ATP levels
3. Helps improve muscle mass and strength⁸

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

¹ Dodd, SL, et al, “The role of ribose in human skeletal muscle metabolism.” Medical Hypotheses, 2004; 62(5):819-824.
² Bemben, MG, et al, “Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: recent findings.” Sports Medicine, 2005; 35(2):107-125.
³ Kurosawa, Y, et al, “Creatine supplementation enhances anaerobic ATP synthesis during a single 10 second maximal handgrip exercise.” Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2003; 244(1-2):105-112.
⁴ Lemon, PW, “Dietary creatine supplementation and exercise performance: why inconsistent results?” Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 2002; 27(6):663-681.
⁵ Pauly, DF, et al, “The benefits of ribose in cardiovascular disease.” Medical Hypotheses, 2003; 60(2)149-151.
⁶ Dodd, SL, et al, “The role of ribose in human skeletal muscle metabolism.” Medical Hypotheses, 2004; 62(5):819-824.
⁷ Pauly, DF, et al, “D-ribose as a supplement for cardiac energy metabolism.” Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 2000; 5(4):249-58.
⁸ Volek, JS, et al, “Scientific basis and practical aspects of creatine supplementation for athletes.” Nutrition, 2004; 20(7-8):609-614.

Metabolic Digestive Support helps to support the body’s metabolic and digestive process when taken with meals. This nutritional support system was designed as a combination approach to bolster metabolism, enhance digestion and support weight management at the same time. This supplement contains carefully blended nutrients that support the body’s metabolic process while providing natural anti-inflammatory supplements and enzymes.

Key Benefits of Zone Metabolic Digestive Support:

• Green Tea Extract may help reduce body fat and promote thermogenesis.^{1, 2, 3}
• Potent antioxidants that help modify inflammation while reducing free radical oxidative stress.
• Bromelain, an enzyme found in pineapple stems, may promote digestive health and provides anti-inflammatory support.^{4, 5, 6}
• Quercetin, a natural phytochemical in fruits, has anti-inflammatory effects.^{7, 8, 9}
• Multiple digestive enzymes may help to reduce bloating and abdominal discomfort.^{10, 11, 12, 13}
• Safe and effective in diminishing digestive symptoms caused by a wide variety of foods, including beans, fruits, lentils and milk. Lipase is an enzyme that digests dietary fats¹⁴ and lactase is an enzyme that digests milk sugar (lactose).¹⁵

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

¹ Klaus S. et al, “Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates diet-induced obesity in mice by decreasing energy absorption and increasing fat oxidation.” International Journal of Obesity, 2005; 29(6):615-623.
² Juhel C. et al, “Green tea extract (AR25) inhibits lipolysis of triglycerides in gastric and duodenal medium in vitro.” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2000; 11(1):45-51.
³ Wofram S. et al, “TEAVIGO (epigallocatechin gallate) supplementation prevents obesity in rodents by reducing adipose tissue mass.” Annuls of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2005; 49(1):54-63.
⁴ Suping, W., et al, “Bromelain improves decrease in defecation in postoperative rats: Modulation of colonic gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase,” Life Sciences, 2006; 78(9):995-1002.
⁵ Onken, J.E., et al, “Bromelain treatment decreases secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by colon biopsies in vitro,” Clinical Immunology, 2008; 126(3):345-352.
⁶ Hale, L.P., et al, “Treatment with oral bromelain decreases colonic inflammation in the IL-10-deficient murine model of inflammatory bowel disease,” Clinical Immunology, 2005; 116(2):135-142.
⁷ Comalada, M., et al, “In vivo quercetin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kB pathway,” European Journal of Immunology, 2005; 35(2):584-592.
⁸ Donnelly, L., et al, “Anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol in lung epithelial cells: molecular mechanisms,” American Journal of Physiology – Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 2004; 287:L774-L783.
⁹ Wei, B., et al, “In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin 3-o-methyl ether and other constituents from rhamnus species,” Planta Med, 2001; 67(8):745-747.
¹⁰ Halm, et al, “A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, crossover study to prove equivalence of pancreatin minimicrospheres versus microspheres in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency,” Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2001; 13(7):951-957.
¹¹ Bruno, M.J., et al, “Placebo controlled trial of enteric coated pancreatin microsphere treatment in patients with unresectable cancer of the pancreatic head region,” Gut, 1998; 42:92-96.
¹² Platel, K., “Studies on the influence of dietary spices on food transit time in experimental rats,” Nutrition Research, 2003; 21(9):1309-1314.
¹³ Rao, R., et al, “In vitro influence of spices and spice-active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine,” Food, 2003; 47(6):408-412.
¹⁴ Marks, D., Marks, A., Smith C., Basic Biomedical Chemistry, A Clinical Approach, Lipincott, Williams, & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1996; p.492-493.
¹⁵ Marks, D., Marks, A., Smith C., Basic Biomedical Chemistry, A Clinical Approach, Lipincott, Williams, & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1996; p.22.